Iran War

Last week, both chambers of Congress rejected War Powers resolutions aimed at limiting the President’s use of military force in Iran.

In the House, a resolution (H. Con. Res. 38) introduced by Rep. Massie (R-KY) was defeated 212-219. The measure would have required the President to end U.S. troop deployments in hostilities against Iran or its government unless Congress declared war or authorized military action. Reps. Massie and Davidson (R-OH) were the only Republicans to support it, while four Democrats—Reps. Cuellar (D-TX), Golden (R-ME), Landsman (D-OH), and Vargas (D-CA)—voted against it.

The Senate rejected a similar measure (S. J. Res. 104) led by Sen. Kaine (D-VA). Sen. Paul (R-KY) was the only Republican to vote in favor, and Sen. Fetterman (D-PA) was the only Democrat to oppose it.

Additional War Powers resolutions could come up in the coming weeks. Six House Democrats have circulated a resolution that would require the President to end hostilities in Iran within 30 days unless Congress declares war. This proposal would prohibit deploying ground troops in Iran but allow U.S. forces to remain in the region for defensive purposes and would not mandate the removal of troops not engaged in hostilities. These details reflect concerns about the risks of a rapid withdrawal.

Congress also has a more indirect way to influence military operations. The White House plans to request emergency funding to cover war-related expenses. Passing a supplemental FY 2026 appropriations bill will be difficult for Republicans due to opposition within their conference, particularly in the Senate, where 60 votes are needed. Leadership could potentially secure support by including funding for other priorities, such as California wildfire recovery and aid to farmers. Alternatively, Republican leaders could provide additional funding through the FY 2027 appropriations process or attempt to pass it via a partisan reconciliation bill, which requires only a simple majority in the Senate.